Prevalence of cervical cancer in Ain Defla region (Algeria).

The high rate of cervical cancer in Algeria and the absence of organized screening programs are well shown in this study, which aims to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer and describe the risk factors associated with this alarming prevalence. This retrospective study is based on data collected from medical records and A questionnaire was developed to assess the risk factors (such as: parity, age at first marriage, smoking, oral contraceptive, and Hormonal status) of cervical cancer among the participants. Face to Face interview were conducted with the participants. The result obtained from this study revealed that cervical cancer occupies the fourth place of cancer in the Wilaya of Ain Defla (4,71 %); the results confirm the effect of several risk factors such as early marriage age (below 20 years: 46.66 %), multiparity (53.33%), menopause (66.66 %); taking contraception (53.33%) and smoking in the development of this pathology. The adoption of an early and annual screening program in our region would be very important to us. In addition, the interest of annual screening is to raise women's awareness of this pathology, particularly in isolated regions.

Bacterial contamination of neglected hospital surfaces and equipment in an Algerian hospital: an important source of potential infection.

Hospital surfaces are heavily contaminated with bacteria, which are a potential source of nosocomial infections. This study was undertaken to identify bacterial communities isolated from neglected hospital surfaces after cleaning routine in a Algerian public hospital. Screening of bacterial contamination in patient bed (PB), reception land-line phones (TF), door handles (DH) and medical equipment (ME) during five months generated 108 inocula. Isolates obtained were identified based on biochemical characteristics and confirmed by analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. Statistical analysis was performed to reveal possible relationship between bacterial diversity and swabbed surfaces. Our findings showed a high prevalence of bacteria in various hospital surfaces, reaching (65.25%), where a highest contaminated surface was the PB (47.22%) and a lowest contaminated was TF (5.55%). Gram negative bacteria were the dominant group (62.03%) mainly represented by Entrobacteriaceae (42.59%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus belonging to Gram positive was the main expanded pathogen with (15.74%).

Prevalence of cervical cancer in Ain Defla region (Algeria)

The high rate of cervical cancer in Algeria and the absence of organized screening programs are well shown in this study, which aims to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer and describe the risk factors associated with this alarming prevalence. This retrospective study is based on data collected from medical records and A questionnaire was developed to assess the risk factors (such as: parity, age at first marriage, smoking, oral contraceptive, and Hormonal status) of cervical cancer among the participants. Face to Face interview were conducted with the participants. The result obtained from this study revealed that cervical cancer occupies the fourth place of cancer in the Wilaya of Ain Defla (4,71 %); the results confirm the effect of several risk factors such as early marriage age (below 20 years: 46.66 %), multiparity (53.33%), menopause (66.66 %); taking contraception (53.33%) and smoking in the development of this pathology. The adoption of an early and annual screening program in our region would be very important to us. In addition, the interest of annual screening is to raise women's awareness of this pathology, particularly in isolated regions. (

Abuse of androgenic anabolic drugs with "Cycling" induces hepatic steatosis in adult male mice.

BACKGROUND: The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the potential hepatic histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse by "Cycling" protocol. So, the aim of this study is to explore the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in hepatic function and structure during an administration cycle. METHODS: For our purpose, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each treated weekly by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW during one month (GI); during two months (GII); during three months (GIII); during three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Plasma assay of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and cytohistological examination to determine the histopathological damage properties of the liver were performed. RESULTS: Our results showed that the animals supported very well the administrated substance. Our study showed an increase in plasma levels of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) with the duration of treatment accompanied by important degenerative changes in hepatic tissue with peliosis evolution after two months of treatment. These damages worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment and ended by the development of hepatic steatosis with increases hepatic distress. CONCLUSION: These results ported that the use of AAS with "Cycling" may lead to the development of hepatic steatosis before progressing to more serious pathological liver situations in AAS abusers.

Evolutions in cardiac and gonadal ultra-structure during a "cycle" of androgenic anabolic abuse in adult male mice.

BACKGROUND: The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the potential histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse by "Cycling" protocol. So, the aim of this study is to explore the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in cardiac and gonadal ultra-structures during an administration cycle. METHODS: For our purpose, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each treated weekly by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW during one month (GI); during two months (GII); during three months (GIII); during three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Cytohistological examinations to determine the histopathological damage properties of the heart and tests were performed. RESULTS: Our results showed that the animals supported very well the administrated substance. Our study showed important degenerative changes in cardiac and gonadal tissues after one months of androgen abuse. These damages increases with the duration of treatment with well marked cell lesions, and worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment in cardiac tissue, whereas the gonadal tissue does not recover completely during this period. CONCLUSION: These results ported that the use of AAS with "Cycling" may lead to irreversibly destroy the heart tissue. Either, "Cycling" does not ensure the complete recovery of fertility in AAS abusers.

First genetic characterisation of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Algeria.

OBJECTIVES: To characterise the genotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolated in Algeria, where there is a low MDR-MTB incidence rate. METHODS: Ten MDR isolates and one resistant to isoniazid were investigated by PCR-Sanger sequencing for 10 loci involved in resistance. Amplicon-based next generation sequencing (NGS) of 15 loci was additionally performed on isolates harbouring novel mutations. RESULTS: Sanger and amplicon-NGS provided the same results as with GenoType kits. Mutations known to be associated with resistance were described for most isolates: rpoB S531L in seven of 10 rifampicin-R MTB isolates, katG S315T in nine of 11 isoniazid-R, and promoter inhA c-15t in three of 11, embB M306V or M306I in two of two ethambutol-R, rpsL K43R in four of eight or rrs a514c associated with gidB L16R in streptomycin-R, gyrA A90V in the ofloxacin-R pre-XDR isolate. New and rare mutations were also described in rpoB (deletion 512-513-514), katG (S315R, M126I/ R496L), gidB (V124G, E92A, V139A, G37V), and gyrA (P8A). Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) profiles were similar for three isolates (lineage Cameroon), indicating a possible clonal diffusion in epidemiologically unrelated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Resistant MTB isolates in Algeria harbour resistance genotypes similar to other countries, but some rare patterns may result from selection and transmission processes inherent to the country.

Molecular drivers of emerging multidrug resistance in Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates from Algeria.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterise the molecular drivers of multidrug resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolated from Algerian community and hospital patients. METHODS: A total of 166 P. mirabilis isolates were collected from two hospitals and eight private laboratories from four cities (Khemis Miliana, Aïn Defla, Oran and Chlef) located in northwestern Algeria. All isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion and Etest methods. Genes encoding AmpC ß-lactamases, extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs), quinolone resistance and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) as well as plasmid replicon typing were characterised by PCR. Clonal relationships were also determined by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) typing and were compared with MALDI-TOF/MS proteomic typing. RESULTS: Of the 166 P. mirabilis isolates, 14 (8.4%) exhibited resistance to important antibiotics, including amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, of which 4/14 (28.6%) had an ESBL genotype (blaCTX-M-2) and 10 (71.4%) had an AmpC/ESBL genotype (blaCMY-2/blaTEM-1). AME genes were detected in all isolates, including ant(2'')-I, aac(3)-I, aac(6')-Ib-cr and aac(3)-IV. The qnrA gene was identified in 13 isolates (7.8%). ERIC-PCR showed one predominant clone, with eight blaCMY-2-producing isolates from UHC Oran belonging to profile A clustering together in the MALDI-TOF/MS dendrogram. CONCLUSION: Here we report the first description of AME and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among ESBL- and/or AmpC ß-lactamase-producing P. mirabilis isolates from community- and hospital-acquired infections in northwestern Algeria.

Chemical profiles and efficacy of essential oils obtained from three spices against Helicobacter pylori

Introduction: the medicinal herbs constitute one of the most preferred alternative solutions as antimicrobial agents due to their availability, biodegradability, fewer side effects. Unfortunately, rare are the studies focused on the efficacy of plant extracts against Helicobacter pylori to either confirm or refute their effectiveness. Objective: determinate the chemical profiles and evaluate the antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori of the essential oils obtained from Eugenia caryophyllata, Foeniculum vulgare and Carum carvi. Methods: the essential oils obtained from flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllata and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare and Carum carvi were extracted by hydrodistillation. The antibacterial potency against local clinical isolate of Helicobacter pylori was tested using agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration techniques and the chemical composition was determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: the phytochemical analysis identified trans-anethole (43.01%), estragole (27.04%) and fenchone (06.63%) as main compounds in F. vulgare oil. Carvone and α -pinene were defined as major components of C. carvi oil with 63.92% and 8.43% respectively, whereas the abundant constituents of E. caryophyllata were eugenol (65.22%), eugenyl acetate (18.77%) and trans-caryophyllene (9.92%). The strongest anti H. pylori activity was exhibited by F. vulgare oil reaching similar action of Clarithromycin (p < 0.05) used as positive control. Conclusion: this is the first report showing the potency of essential oils from spices against H. pylori, the results indicated that these resources can constitute potential natural treatment.

Introducción: las hierbas medicinales constituyen una de las soluciones alternativas preferidas para desempeñar el papel de agentes antimicrobianos debido a su disponibilidad, biodegradabilidad y pocos efectos secundarios. Desafortunadamente, son raros los estudios centrados en la eficacia de los extractos de las plantas contra Helicobacter pylori que confirman o refutan su eficacia. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana contra Helicobacter pylori de los aceites esenciales de Eugenia caryophyllata, Foeniculum vulgare y Carum carvi. Métodos: los aceites esenciales obtenidos de los brotes de la flor del E. caryophyllatay, de semillas del F. vulgare y del C. carvi fueron extraídos por el hydrodistillation. La potencia antibacteriana contra el aislante clínico local Helicobacter pylori fue probada usando la difusión del disco del agar. Las técnicas de concentración inhibitoria mínima y la composición química fueron determinadas vía cromatografía del gas, espectrometría de masas. Resultados: los análisis fitoquímicas de los aceites esenciales identificado trans-anethole (43,01 %), estragole (27,04 %) y fenchone (6,63 %) como compuestos mayoritarios en F. vulgare. El aceite extraído del C. carvi reveló la presencia del carvone y α -pinene con los compuestos abundantes a 63,92 % y 8,43 % respectivamente, mientras que los componentes principales para E. caryophyllata eran el eugenol (65,22 %), eugenyl acetate (18,77 %) y trans-caryophyllene (9,92 %). De los aceites esenciales obtenidos, el de F. vulgare presentó mayor actividad anti-H. pylori, con la acción similar al del Clarithromycin (p < 0,05) usada como control positivo. Conclusión: los aceites esenciales de Eugenia caryophyllata, Foeniculum vulgare y Carum carvi pueden constituir un potencial tratamiento natural contra H. pylori.

Primary antibiotic resistance and its relationship with cagA and vacA genes in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Algerian patients

Abstract The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics is poorly documented in Africa and especially in Algeria. The aim of our study was to determine the antibiotic resistance rates, as well as its possible relationship with VacA and CagA virulence markers of isolates from Algerian patients. One hundred and fifty one H. pylori isolate were obtained between 2012 and 2015 from 200 patients with upper abdominal pain. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and tetracycline. Molecular identification of H. pylori and the detection of vacA and cagA genes were performed using specific primers. We found that H. pylori was present in 83.5% of collected biopsies, 54.9% of the samples were cagA positive, 49.67% were vacA s1m1, 18.30% were vacA s1m2 and 25.49% were vacA s2m2. Isolates were characterized by no resistance to amoxicillin (0%), tetracycline (0%), rifampicin (0%), a high rate of resistance to metronidazole (61.1%) and a lower rate of resistance to clarithromycin (22.8%) and ciprofloxacin (16.8%). No statically significant relationship was found between vagA and cagA genotypes and antibiotic resistance results (p > 0.5) except for the metronidazole, which had relation with the presence of cagA genotype (p = 0.001).

Reversible effects of anabolic steroid abuse on cyto-architectures of the heart, kidneys and testis in adult male mice.

The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse after some times of stop treatment, as it is one of the prior studies which explored the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in particular on the hearts, kidneys and testis structures. For this aim, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each as follows: treated by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW, weekly during one month (GI); two months (GII); three months (GIII); three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Cytohistological exam was performed to determine histopathological damage in heart, kidney and testis tissues. Results showed that the treated animals supported very well the administrated substance. The increase in muscle strength and the absence of aggression were the most noticeable traits in longer-term treated groups. In addition, the gains in body and heart weights increase with duration of treatment and even more after stopping treatment. Our study showed important degenerative changes and disorganization of the histological structure of heart, kidney and testis in the animals of GIII. These damages worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment in heart and kidney, and repairs incompletely in the testis. In conclusion, these results confirmed that the use of AAS is associated with a lot of deleterious effects on the cardiac, nephritic and gonadic tissues which cannot be reversible.

Molecular detection of mutations involved in Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Algeria.

Objectives: In Algeria, there are limited data regarding the pattern of Helicobacter pylori primary antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the primary resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and rifampicin and to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance. Methods: Two hundred and seventy Algerian adults who had never received H. pylori treatment were enrolled in this study. Human biopsies were obtained for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Etest for clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and rifampicin. Real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-PCR was also performed in all cases to assess primary clarithromycin resistance and point mutations involved, real-time PCR was used to detect mutations involved in tetracycline primary resistance and sequencing of the QRDR of gyrA was performed to detect mutations involved in quinolone resistance. Results: No resistance to rifampicin was detected. Resistance to clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin was found in 29.7% and 17.9%, respectively. Results of real-time FRET-PCR showed that A2143G was the most frequent point mutation, A2142C was not found and 42 patients (15.5%) were infected by both resistant and susceptible genotypes. Only two isolates were resistant to tetracycline and exhibited an A926G mutation. Four mutations were found to be responsible for resistance to ciprofloxacin [N87K (44.73%), D91N (23.68%), N87I (18.42%) and D91G (7.89%)]. Conclusions: Local data regarding the primary resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and rifampicin and the main genetic mutations involved in the resistance are necessary for a periodic evaluation of antibiotic consumption and new therapeutic strategies in Algeria.

Primary antibiotic resistance and its relationship with cagA and vacA genes in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Algerian patients.

The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics is poorly documented in Africa and especially in Algeria. The aim of our study was to determine the antibiotic resistance rates, as well as its possible relationship with VacA and CagA virulence markers of isolates from Algerian patients. One hundred and fifty one H. pylori isolate were obtained between 2012 and 2015 from 200 patients with upper abdominal pain. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and tetracycline. Molecular identification of H. pylori and the detection of vacA and cagA genes were performed using specific primers. We found that H. pylori was present in 83.5% of collected biopsies, 54.9% of the samples were cagA positive, 49.67% were vacA s1m1, 18.30% were vacA s1m2 and 25.49% were vacA s2m2. Isolates were characterized by no resistance to amoxicillin (0%), tetracycline (0%), rifampicin (0%), a high rate of resistance to metronidazole (61.1%) and a lower rate of resistance to clarithromycin (22.8%) and ciprofloxacin (16.8%). No statically significant relationship was found between vagA and cagA genotypes and antibiotic resistance results (p>0.5) except for the metronidazole, which had relation with the presence of cagA genotype (p=0.001).

The eating habits of Patients with Type 2 diabetes in Algeria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the eating habits and the practice of physical-activity of patients with Tyhpe-2 diabetes. (DT2). METHODS: A total of 1523 patients DT2 with average age 58±9.9 were recruited. A questionnaire about their eating habits, physical activity was conducted. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical. RESULTS: Most of the patients were obese (64%), with irregular and weak practice of the physical-activity. The patients based their consumption on food rich with nutrients of high glycaemic index. Their food was mainly characterized by high amounts of fats, the green salads and the desserts (fruits) represent only a secondary amount. Statistically, Overweight + obese patients with diabetes had significantly higher level of consumption of the bread. However, the normal weight patients with diabetes had significantly higher level of the consumption of fruit and vegetables (p=0.006 and p=0 respectively). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in level of the consumption of the greasy substances, milk and dairy products, meat-fish-egg two groups (p=0.53, p=0.06 and P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed the need for an improvement in the nutritional care of DT2 patients in the area of Ain Defla (Algeria), also, the practice of the physical-activity, in order to plan an adequate therapeutic care.

Study of hypocholesterolemic activity of Algerian Pistacia lentiscus leaves extracts in vivo

Abstract Plants are a large source of new bioactive molecules with therapeutic potentials. However, only a small amount of worldwide plants have been phytochemically investigated. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Pistacia lentiscus L., Anacardiaceae, leaves were evaluated for hypocholesterolemic activity in vivo. In this study, hypercholesterolemia was induced in animals by feeding them high cholesterol (1%) food. The extracts of P. lentiscus were orally administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight along with a high cholesterol diet for thirty successive days. Lipid parameters such as total cholesterol, triacylglyceride, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein were measured in the plasma. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Flavonoid content was found to be more present in the ethanolic extract (8.218 ± 0.009 mg of QE/g) compared to the aqueous extract (3.107 ± 0.014 mg of QE/g). The administration of P. lentiscus extracts produced a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triacylglyceride and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (154.6 ± 18.10, 71.2 ± 4.38 and 99.36 ± 18.77 mg/dl respectively) in the ethanolic extract, while the aqueous extract showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol and triacylglyceride (203.6 ± 9.18 and 97.6 ± 3.57 mg/dl respectively). The results of the investigation demonstrated that P. lentiscus leaf extract has hypocholesterolemic properties and might be used for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia associated disorders.